Tuesday, August 27, 2019

CARLIL V CARBOLIC SMOKE BALL CO BUSINESS LAW

DAIMLER CO LTD VS CONTINENTAL RUBBER CO LTD COMPANY LAW

THE HINDU AND THE ECONOMIC TIMES ANALYSIS 27 TH AUGUST 2019

THE HINDU AND THE ECONOMIC TIMES ANALAYIS 27 TH AUGUST,2019


   NEWS PAPER ANALYSIS
THE HINDU AND THE ECONOMIC TIMES ANALAYIS 27 TH AUGUST,2019
   PM REJECTS SCOPE FOR THIRD PARTY MEDIATION IN KASHMIR

DAIMLER CO LTD V CONTINENTAL TYRE RUBBER CO LTD COMPANY LAW


 DAIMLER CO LTD V CONTINENTAL TYRE RUBBER CO LTD
COMPANY LAW
   DAIMLER CO LTD VS CONTINENTAL RUBBER CO LTD ( 1916)
  1. C. A PRIVATE COMPNY WAS INCORPORATED IN ENGLAND FOR THE PURPOSE OF SELLING THE MOTOR TYRES MANUFACTURED IN GERMAN BY GERMAN COMPANY
  2. THE GERMAN COMPANY HELD THE BULD OF SHARES IN THE COMPANY C AND ALL THE DIRECTORS WERE GERMAN RESIDENTS IN GERMANY

CARLIL V CARBOLIC SMOKE BALL CO CASE STUDY ON LAW OF CONTRACT


·         CARLIL V CARBOLIC SMOKE BALL CO
·         ( 1893)
CASE STUDY
·         OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE
LAWS OF CONTRACT
·         CARLIL V CARBOLIC SMOKE BALL
1.       CARBOLIC SMOKE BALL CO OFFERED BY AN ADVERTISMENT A REWARD OF 100 POUND TO ANY PERSON WHO SHOULD CONTRACTINFLUENZA AFTER HAVING USED THE SMOKE BALLS THREE TIMES DAILY FOR TWO WEEKS ACCORDING TO THE PRINTED DIRECTIONS
2.       ADDED THAT POUND 100 WERE DEPOSITED IN THE BANK SHOWING ITS SINCERITY IN THE PROMISE

Sunday, August 25, 2019

COMPARISON BETWEEN INDIFFERENCE CURVE ANALYSIS AND UTILITY ANALYSIS

LIBERALIZATION IN HINDI

LIBERALIZATION IN ENGLISH

MEANING AND NEED OF ECONOMIC REFORMS SINCE 1991


  • MEANING AND NEED OF ECONOMIC REFORMS SINCE 1991
    OR NEW ECONOMIC POLICY
    INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
    BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

  • MEANING OF ECONOMIC REFORMS
  1. ECONOMIC REFORMS REFERS TO SET OF ECONOMIC POLICIES DIRECTED TO ACCELERATE THE PACE OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
  2. MICRO ECONOMIC REFORM OR ECONOMIC REFORM COMPRISE OF POLICIES DIRECTED TO ACHIEVE IMPROVEMENT IN ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY EITHER BY ELIMINATING OR REDUCING DISTORTIONS IN INDIVIDUAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY OR BY REFORMING ECONOMY WIDE POLICIES SUCH AS TAXATION POLICY WITH AN EMPHASIS ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY RATHER THAN OTHER GOALS SUCH AS EQUITY OR EMPLOYMENT GROWTH.
  3. DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC REFORM

Saturday, August 24, 2019

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE IN ENGLISH

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE IN HINDI

HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION IN ENGLISH INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION IN HINDI FOR INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

THE HINDU AND ECONOMICS TIMES ANALYSIS 24 TH AUGUST,2019

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE IN INDIA


·               INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE IN INDIA
 INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE 2
INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  • WHAT WE HAVE COVERED
  1. COLONIAL EXPLOITATION OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY UNDER BRITISH RULE
  2. FEATURES OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OD INDEPENDENCE
  3. AGRICULTURE SECTOR ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE

Friday, August 23, 2019

INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE IN ENGLISH

INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE 1

THE HINDU AND ECONOMICS TIME ANALYSIS OF 23 RD AUGUST,2019

NEWS PAPER ANALYSIS WITH EDITORIAL THE HINDU AND ECONOMICS TIMES 23RD AUGUST 201


  • NEWS PAPER ANALYSIS  WITH EDITORIAL
    THE HINDU AND ECONOMICS TIMES 23RD AUGUST 2019
    QUESTIONS FOR YOU
  1. WHICH COUNTRY WILL REWARD THE “ORDER OF JEYED” THE HIGHEST CIVILIAN DECORATION TO INDIAN PRIME MINISTER?
  2. THE NAME OF THE TEMPLE PM IS GOING TO WITNESS THE DEVELOPMENT IN BAHRAIN?
  3. NAME THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRANCE
  4. WHERE THE G 7 IS GOING TO BE HELD?
  5. WHICH STATE HAS GIVEN THE FIRST RANK BY NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION?
  6. WHICH COUNTRY HAS BEEN  BLACK LISTED BY ASIA PACIFIC GROUP?
  7. WHICH COUNTRY HAS IMPOSED TARIFF ON CHINES GOODS AND AT WHAT RATE?

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

STANDARD AUDIT ( SA) 210 AGREEING THE TERMS OF THE ENGAGEMENT

MEANING,TYPES AND BENEFITS OF LISTING OF SECURITIES

NEWS PAPER ANALYSIS 2 THE HINDU AND ECONOMIC TIMES 19 TH TO 20 TH AUGUST

NEWS PAPER ANALYSIS( THE HINDU AND ECONOMICS TIMES ) 19TH AUGUST TO 20 TH AUGUST


  • NEWSPAPER ANALYSIS 2
    19TH  AUGUST TO 20TH  AUGUST ( THE HINDU AND ECONOMIC TIMES )
  • EDITORIAL PAGES ( THE HINDU ) 19 TH AUGUST 2019
  • UNCLEAR DOCTRINE:-

AUDIT DOCUMENTATION SA 230


  • AUDIT DOCUMENTATION SA 230
    CONTEMPORARY AUDITING
    AUDITING AND ASSURANCE
  • MEANING OF AUDIT DOCUMENTATION

SA 210,AGREEING THE TERMS OF AUDIT ENGAGEMENT


    STANDARD AUDIT 210
AGREEING THE TERMS OF AUDIT ENGAGEMENT
CONTEMPORARY AUDITING
    OBJECTIVE
    THE OBJECTIVE OF THE AUDITOR IS TO ACCEPT OR CONTINUE AN AUDIT AGREEMENT ONLY WHEN THE BASIS UPON WHICH IT IS TO BE PERFORMED HAS BEEN AGREED THROUGH:-
1.       ESTABLISHING WHETHER THE PRECONDITION FOR AN AUDIT ARE PRESENT AND
2.       CONFIRMING THAT THERE IS COMMON UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN AUDITOR AND MANAGEMENT AND WHERE APPROPRIATE THOSE CHARGED WITH GOVERNANCE OF THE TERMS OF THE AUDIT ENGAGEMENT.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

NATURE AND SCOPE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

LEARN JOURNAL ENTRY IN 5 MINUTES PART 5 PLUS ONE ACCOUNT

LEARN JOURNAL ENTRY WITH IN FIVE MINUTES PART 5 PLUS ONE ACCOUNT/CA/CS FOUNDATION ACCOUNTS













 LEARN JOURNAL ENTRY WITH IN FIVE MINUTES PART 5
PLUS ONE ACCOUNT/CA/CS FOUNDATION ACCOUNTS
  • TREATMENT OF DEPRECIATION
  1.   WITH THE HELP OF FIXED ASSETS, BUSINESS IS CARRIED ON. LIKE BUILDING,PLANT MACHINERY ETC
  2. DEPRECIATION IS THE WEAR AND TEAR OF THE ASSETS
  3. PERMANENT DECREASE IN THE VALUE OF THE ASSET
  4. DEPRECIATION IS TREATED AS BUSINESS EXPENDITURE
  5. DEPRECIATION IS DEBITED AND VALUE OF THE ASSET IS CREDITED

Friday, August 16, 2019

PRICE EFFECT INDIFFERENCE CURVE APPROACH

ALTERATION OF ARTICLES COMPANIES ACT 2013

MM HYPOTHESIS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE

अस्तित्व (EXISTENCE) POEM IN HINDI

MODIGLIANI AND MILLER APPROACH THEORY OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE




  • THEORIES OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ( M&M HYPOTHESIS)
  • FINANCIAL MGMT
  • MODIGLIANI AND MILLER APPROACH
  1. THEORY OF IRRELEVANCE ( IN THE ABSENCE OF TAXES)
  2. THEORY OF RELEVANCE ( IN THE PRESENCE OF TAXES)

NATURE AND SCOPE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT


  • NATURE AND SCOPE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
    NET COMMERCE/NET MANAGEMENT
  • FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
  • MEANING OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
  • IT WAS A BRANCH OF ECONOMICS TILL 1890 AND AS A SEPARATE DISCIPLINE IT IS OF RECENT ORIGIN, STILL IT HAS NO  UNIQUE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE OF ITS OWN AND DRAWS HEAVILY ON ECONOMICS FOR ITS THEORETICAL CONCEPTS EVEN TODAY.
  • THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO THE FINANCE FUNCTION RELATES TO THE INITIAL STAGES OF ITS EVOLUTION DURING 1920 AND 1930.(CORPORATION FINANCE) . ACCORDING TO THIS  APPROACH,THE SCOPE OF FINANCE FUNCTION WAS CONFINED TO ONLY PROCUREMENT OF FUNDS NEEDED BY BUSINESS ON MOST SUITABLE TERMS AND THE UTILIZATION OF FUNDS WAS CONSIDERED BEYOND THE PURVIEW OF THE FINANCE FUNCTION.

Wednesday, August 14, 2019

CONSUMER EQUILIBRIUM WITH THE HELP OF INDIFFERENCE CURVE

ALTERATION OF ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION COMPANIES ACT 2013


  • COMPANY LAW 2013
  • ALTERATION OF ARTICLES
  • ALTERATION OF AOA SECTION 14
  1. A COMPANY HAS STATUTORY RIGHT TO ALTER ITS ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
  2. ANY REGULATION DEPRIVING THIS RIGHT IS INVALID
  3. FOR EXAMPLE A PROVISIONS IN THE ARTICLES THAT NO ALTERATION OF THE ARTICLE WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE A IS CONTRARY TO THE PROVISIONS OF THE COMPANIES ACT AND INVALID
  4. A CO CAN NOT REPLACE ITS ARTICLES, ONLY THE REGULATIONS CONTAINED IN THE ARTICLES
  5. COMPANY CAN ALTER ITS ARTICLES BY WAY OF ADDITION,DELETION,MODIFICATION,SUBSTITUTION OR IN ANY OTHER WAY ONLY IF WANTS

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN CONDUCTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME


    ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN CONDUCTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME FOR NET MANAGEMENT FOR NET MANAGEMENT
    ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT
    NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

Tuesday, August 13, 2019

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 2 NET COMMERCE /MANAGEMENT

MEANING AND CONTENTS OF ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION IN ENGLISH

MEANING AND CONTENTS OF THE ARTICLE OF ASSOCIATION

MEANING AND CONTENTS OF ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION




  •  MEANING AND CONTENT OF ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
  • COMPANY LAW 2013/CORPORATE LEGAL FRAMEWORK
  • MEANING OF THE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
  1. IS THE SECOND MOST IMPORTANT DOCUMENT WHICH IN  CASE OF THE SOME COMPANIES HAS TO BE REGISTERED ALONG WITH MOA
  2. CONTAINS THE RULES,REGULATIONS AND BYE LAWS FOR THE INTERNAL MANAGEMENT OR REGULATIONS OF THE AFFAIRS OF THE COMPANY
  3. FRAMED WITH THE OBJECT OF CARRYING OUT THE AIMS AND OBJECTS SET OUT IN THE MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION
  • DEFINITION
  • ACCORDING TO SECTION 2(5) OF THE COMPANIES ACT 2013,” ARTICLES MEANS THE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF A COMPANY AS ORIGINALLY FRAMED OR AS ALTERED FROM TIME TO TIME IN PURSUANCE OF ANY PREVIOUS COMPANIES LAW OR OF THIS ACT.
  1. STATES THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE MEMBERS OF THE COMPANY
  2. POWERS OF THE OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE COMPANY
  3. DETERMINE THE RELATIONS BETWEEN COMPANY AND THE MEMBERS
  4. ALSO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE SHAREHOLDERS THEMSELVES
  5. LAYS DOWN THE MODE AND MANNER IN WHICH THE BUSINESS IS TO BE CONDUCTED
  6. MUST NOT VIOLATE THE PROVISIONS OF THEIR MOA

  • ARTICLES PRESCRIBING REGULATIONS
  • SECTION 5 OF THE COMPANIES ACT 2013 PROVIDES THAT :
  1. CONTAIN THE REGULATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANY
  2. ALSO CONTAIN SUCH MATTERS AS PRESCRIBED
  3. MAY CONTAIN THE PROVISIONS FOR ENTRENCHMENT TO THE EFFECT THAT SPECIFIED PROVISIONS OF THE ARTICLES MAY BE ALTERED IF CONDITIONS OR PROCEDURES ARE  RESTRICTIVE THAN THOSE APPLICABLE IN THE CASE OF SPECIAL RESOLUTION ARE MET OR COMPLIED WITH
  4. ARTICLES PRESCRIBING REGULATIONS
  5. THE PROVISIONS FOR ENTRENCHMENT ONLY MADE AT THE EITHER AT THE FORMATION OF THE COMPANY/AMENDMENT IN THE ARTICLES AGREE TO BY ALL IN THE PRIVATE COMPANY OR BY SPECIAL RESOLUTION IN THE CASE OF PUBLIC COMPANY.
  6. THE ARTICLES OF THE COMPANY SHALL BE IN RESPECTIVE FORM SPECIFIED IN TABLES F,G,H,I,J IN SCHEDULE I AS THE CASE MAY BE
  7. A COMPANY MAY ADOPT ALL OR ANY OF THE REGULATIONS CONTAINED IN THE MODEL ARTICLES APPLICABLE TO SUCH COMPANY
  8. NOTHING IN THIS SECTION SHALL APPLY TO THE ARTICLES OF THE COMPANY REGISTERED UNDER ANY PREVIOUS COMPANY LAW UNLESS AMENDED BY THIS SECTION
  • CONTENTS OF THE AOA
  1. NAME OF THE COMPANY
  2. NUMBER AND VALUE OF THE SHARES AND DIFFERENT CLASSES OF SHAREHOLDERS
  3. RULES REGARDING THE RIGHTS OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF SHAREHOLDERS
  4. PROCEDURE FOR MAKING THE CALLS
  5. RULES REGARDING TRANSFER AND TRANSMISSION OF SHARES,FORFEITURES ETC

  1. RULES REGARDING THE APPOINTMENT,REMUNERATION,POWER AND DUTIES OF THE DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS OF THE COMPANY
  2. APPOINTMENT OF THE MANAGER
  3. APPOINTMENT OF THE SECRETARY
  4. RULES REGARDING THE NOTICE OF THE MEETING,VOTING RIGHTS,QUORUM,POLL AND PROXY ETC OF THE SHAREHOLDERS
  5. RULES REGARDING THE AUDIT OF ACCOUNTS,TRANSFER TO RESERVE,DECLARATION OF DIVIDEND
  6. RULES REGARDING THE BORROWING POWERS OF THE COMPANY AND THE MODE OF BORROWING
  7. CONTENTS OF THE AOA
  8. RULES REGARDING THE ISSUE OF THE SHARE CERTIFICATES
  9. RULES REGARDING THE MAINTENANCE OF THE BOOKS OF ACCOUNT AND DIFFERENT KIND OF REGISTERS
  10. RULES REGARDING REORGANIZATION OF SHARE CAPITAL
  11. DIVIDEND AND RESERVES
  12. CAPITALIZATION OF THE PROFITS
  13. RULES REGARDING THE WINDING UP THE COMPANY
  • ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
  • U/S 5(1),7(1) OF THE COMPANIES ACT 2013,IT IS COMPULSORY FOR EVERY COMPANY TO HAVE ITS OWN ARTICLES AND FILE THE SAME WITH ROC
  • MODEL FORM OF ARTICLES :-
  1. SCHEDULE I TO THE ACT GIVES VARIOUS MODEL FORM OF MOA AND AOA OF VARIOUS TYPES OF COMPANIES
  2. THE SCHEDULE IS DIVIDED INTO TABLES WHICH SERVE AS A MODEL FOR THE VARIOUS COMPANIES
  3. ARTICLES OF PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY
  • A PRIVATE LIMTED MUST HAVE ARTICLES OF ITS OWN WHICH MUST CONTAIN THE RESTRICTIONS PROVIDED IN SECTION 2( 68 ) OF THE COMPANIES ACT 2013.
  1. RESTRICTING THE RIGHT TO TRANSFER THE SHARES
  2. EXCEPT IN CAS OF ONE PERSON COMPANY LIMITS THE NUMBER OF MEMBERS TO 200
  3. PROHIBITS ANY INVITATION TO THE PUBLIC TO SUBSCRIBE FOR ANY SECURITIES
  4. PRIVATE COMPANY HAVE LIBERTY TO ADOPT ALL OR ANY OF THE REGULATION CONTAINED IN TABLE F
  •  AOA OF A PUBLIC LIMITED BY SHARES
  • SECTION 5(7 ) PROVIDES THAT A COMPANY MAY ADOPT ALL OR ANY OF THE REGULATIONS CONTAINED IN THE MODEL ARTICLES APPLICABLE TO SUCH COMPANY
  • A COMPANY MAY EITHER:
  1. FORMULATE  AND REGISTER ARTICLES OF ITS OWN WITH IN THE PROVISIONS OF THE ACT AND MOA
  2. ADOPT ALL OR ANY OF THE REGULATIONS CONTAINED IN THE MODEL ARTICLES TABLE F
  • MUST HAVE THEIR OWN AOA:-
  1. UNLIMITED CO
  2. CO LIMITED BY GUARANTEE
  3. PVT COMPANIES LTD BY SHARES
  4. A PUBLIC LTD MAY HAVE ITS OWN AOA IF IT DOES NOT HAVE IT MAY ADOPT F TABLE
  1. TABLE G—AOA OF CO LTD BY GUARANTEE AND HAVING SHARE CAPITAL
  2. TABLE H—AOA OF CO LTD BY GUARANTEE AND NOT HAVING SHARE CAPITAL
  3. TABLE I—AOA OF AN UNLIMITED COMPANY AND HAVING SHARE CAPITAL
  4. TABLE J—AOA OF AN UNLIMITED CO AND NOT HAVING SHARE CAPITAL



  • PRINTING AND SIGNING OF ARTICLES
    ( SECTION 7 ( 1)(a)
·         MUST BE PRINTED,DIVIDED INTO PARAGRAPH AND NUMBER CONSECUTIVELY
·         MUST BE SIGNED BY EACH SUBSCRIBER TO THE MEMORANDUM IN THE PRESENCE OF AT LEAST ONE WITNESS
·         PRINTED ON COMPUTER LASER PRINTER SHOULD BE ACCEPTED
  • EFFECT OF MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES
  1. SECTION 10
  2. SUBJECT TO THE PROVISIONS OF THIS ACT WHEN REGISTERED BIND THE COMPANY AND MEMBERS
  3. ALL MONIES PAYABLE BY ANY OF THE MEMBERS BECOMES DEBT DUE FROM HIM TO THE COMPANY
  4. ALTERATION OF AOA SECTION 14
  5. A COMPANY HAS STATUTORY RIGHT TO ALTER ITS ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
  6. ANY REGULATION DEPRIVING THIS RIGHT IS INVALID
  • FOR EXAMPLE A PROVISIONS IN THE ARTICLES THAT NO ALTERATION OF THE ARTICLE WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE A IS CONTRARY TO THE PROVISIONS OF THE COMPANIES ACT AND INVALID
  • A CO CAN NOT REPLACE ITS ARTICLES, ONLY THE REGULATIONS CONTAINED IN THE ARTICLES
  • ALTERATION
  • BY PASSING SPECIAL RESOLUTION
  • A COPY OF SPECIAL RESOLUTION HAS TO BE FILED WITH IN THIRTY DAYS TO ROC
  • EVERY ALTERATION MADE IN MOA OR AOA SHALL BE NOTED IN EVERY COPY OF MOA OR AOA
  • ANY DEFAULT IN COMPLYING WITH THE PROVISIONS   THE COMPANY AND EVERY OFFICER IN DEFAULT WILL BE LIABLE TO A PENALTY OF 1000 RUPEES FOR EVERY COPY OF MOA OR AOA ISSUED