NATURE AND TECHNIQUES OF CAPITAL BUDGETING FOR NET COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT

LAW OF EQUI MARGINAL UTILITY FOR CA AND CS FOUNDATION ECONOMICS

LEARN JOURNAL ENTRY JUST IN FIVE MINUTES

LEARN JOURNAL ENTRIES 1 IN FIVE MINUTES ACCOUNTS

•  LEARN JOURNAL ENTRIES 1 WITH IN FIVE MINUTES
  PLUS ONE ACCOUNT
• MBA/BBA/BCOM/CA AND CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ACCOUNTING
• RULES
• PERSONAL ACCOUNTS :- DEBIT THE RECEIVER AND CREDIT THE GIVER
• REAL ACCOUNT :- DEBIT WHAT COME IN , CREDIT WHAT GOES OUT
• NOMINAL ACCOUNT:- DEBIT ALL EXPENSES AND LOSSES AND CREDIT ALL INCOMES AND GAINS

NATURE AND TECHNIQUES OF CAPITAL BUDGETING FOR NET COMMERCE/MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

• NATURE AND TECHNIQUES OF CAPITAL BUDGETING FOR NET COMMERCE/MANAGEMENT 1
  FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
• NATURE OF CAPITAL BUDGETING

1. AN EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF CAPITAL IS VERY SIGNIFICANT FINANCE FUNCTION AND IT INVOLVES DECISIONS TO COMMIT THE FIRM’S FUNDS TO THE LONG TERM ASSETS
2. THE INVESTMENT DECISIONS OF THE FIRM ARE GENERALLY KNOWN AS THE CAPITAL BUDGETING DECISIONS
3. A CAPITAL BUDGETING DECISION MAY BE DEFINED AS THE FIRM’S DECISION TO INVEST ITS CURRENT FUNDS MOST EFFICIENTLY IN THE LONG TERM ASSETS IN ANTICIPATION OF THE EXPECTED FLOW OF BENEFITS OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME
4. THE FIRM’S INVESTMENT DECISIONS WOULD GENERALLY INCLUDE EXPANSION,MODERNIZATION,ACQUISITION AND REPLACEMENT OF THE LONG TERM ASSETS.

• SCOPE OF LONG TERM INVESTMENT DECISIONS

CRITICISM AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY

DIVIDEND POLICY GORDON'S DIVIDEND POLICY FOR UGC NET COMMERCE/MANAGEMENT

JOURNAL

JOURNAL

• JOURNAL
  FOR PLUS ONE ACCOUNT
• BBA/MBA/CA AND CS FOUNDATION

   MEANING

·         JOURNAL IS A BOOK OF ORIGINAL ENTRY IN WHICH ALL THE BUSINESS TRANSACTION ARE RECORDED SYSTEMATICALLY.SUCH BOOKS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS SUBSIDIARY BOOKS.IT REFLECT THE RELATION THAT EXIST BETWEEN TWO ASPECTS THAT IS DEBIT AND CREDIT

·         M.J KEELER HAS DEFINED THE JOURNAL AS A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS OF A BUSINESS.

CRITICISM AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY

•    CRITICISM AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY
FOR CA AND CS FUNDAMENTAL ECONOMICS

CRITICISM

1. MEASUREMENT OF THE UTILITY IS NOT POSSIBLE : BUT UTILITY OR SATISFACTION REFERS TO STATE OF MIND AND IS INCAPABLE OF BEING MEASURED.
2. MARGINAL UTILITY OF MONEY DOES NOT  REMAIN CONSTANT:AS THE STOCK OF MONEY DECREASES THEN UTILITY INCREASES AND VICE VERSA

DIVIDEND POLICY WALTER MODEL FOR UGC NET COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT

SA 200 OVER ALL OBJECTIVE OF THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR

THEORY OF RELEVANCE MODEL OF DIVIDEND BY WALTER FOR UGC NET COMMERCE/MARKETING

• DIVIDEND POLICY 2
  THEORY OF RELEVANCE
   ( WALTER)
  UGC NET COMMERCE /MANAGEMENT
• FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
• WALTER’ S MODEL

THEORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 1 FOR CA AND CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ECONOMICS

DIVIDEND THEORIES 1 FOR UGC NET COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT

THEORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR FOR CA AND CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ECONOMICS 1

• THEORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
  CA AND CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ECONOMICS
• MEANING OF UTILITY
• THE UTILITY IS TO DENOTE THAT QUALITY IN A COMMODITY OR SERVICES BY VIRTUE OF WHICH OUR WANTS ARE SATISFIED
• WANT SATISFYING POWER OF A GOOD IS CALLED UTILITY.
• ACCORDING HIBBDON,” UTILITY IS THE QUALITY OF A GOOD TO SATISFY A WANT.
• MRS ROBINSON,” UTILITY IS THE QUALITY IN COMMODITY THAT MAKES INDIVIDUAL WANT TO BUY THEM.

BASIC CONCEPT OF MACRO ECONOMICS 1

• BASIC CONCEPT OF MACRO ECONOMICS 1
  PLUS TWO INTRODUCTION TO MACRO ECONOMICS
• NET UGC ECONOMICS
  SHASHI AGGARWAL ECONOMICS AND LAW CLASSES
• CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS

1. FINAL GOODS AND INTERMEDIATE GOODS
2. CONSUMPTION GOODS AND CAPITAL GOODS

• FINAL GOODS

MEANING OF PERPETUAL SUCCESSION COMPANY LAW 2013

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PRIVATE COMPANY AND A PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY COMPANY LAW 2013

• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PRIVATE COMPANY AND A PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY
  COMPANY LAW 2013
• MEANING OF PRIVATE COMPANY
• ACCORDING TO SECTION 2(68) OF THE COMPANIES ACT 2013

1. PRIVATE COMPANY MEANS A COMPANY HAVING MINIMUM PAID UP SHARE CAPITAL AS MAY BE PRESCRIBED AND WHICH BY ITS ARTICLES
2. RESTRICT THE RIGHT TO TRANSFER ITS SHARES
3. EXCEPT IN THE CASE OF ONE PERSON COMPANY THE LIMIT THE NUMBER OF ITS MEMBERS TO 200
4. PROHIBITS ANY INVITATION TO THE PUBLIC TO SUBSCRIBE FOR ANY SECURITIES OF THE COMPANY

MEANING OR PERPETUAL SUCCESSION UNDER COMPANIES ACT 2013

·         MEANING OF PERPETUAL SUCCESSION
COMPANY LAW

·         PERPETUAL SUCCESSION

1.     UNLIKE A NATURAL PERSON A COMPANY NEVER DIES

2.     SECTION 9 OF THE COMPANIES ACT ,2013  IT IS AN ENTITY WITH A PERPETUAL SUCCESSION

3.     COMPANY BEING AN ENTITY SEPARATE AND DISTINCT FROM ITS SHAREHOLDERS,THE LIFE OF A COMPANY IS NOT MEASURED BY THE LIFE OF ANY MEMBER

MCQS ON BASIC CONCEPTS OF ACCOUNTING FOR NET COMMERCE/MANAGEMENT

BASIC CONCEPT OF ACCOUNTING PART 2 FOR UGC NET COMMERCE/MANAGEMENT

CROSS ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR CA AND CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ECONOMICS

MCQS ON BASIC CONCEPTS OF ACCOUNTING FOR UGC NET COMMERCE/MANAGEMENT

• MCQS ON BASIC CONCEPTS OF ACCOUNTING
  UGC NET COMMERCE/MANAGEMENT
• MCQ
• THE LONG TERM ASSETS THAT HAVE NO PHYSICAL EXISTENCE BUT ARE RIGHTS THAT HAVE VALUE IS KNOWN AS

       I.            CURRENT ASSETS

    II.            FIXED ASSETS

 III.            INTANGIBLE ASSETS

IV.            INVESTMENTS

·         ANSWER IS iii

BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS 2 FOR UGC NET COMMERCE/MANAGEMENT

• BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS 2
   FOR NET UGC COMMERCE
  ( UNIT 2)/MANAGEMENT UNIT IV
  
  
• ACCOUNTING CONVENTIONS
• ACCOUNTING CONVENTIONS MEANS CUSTOMS OR TRADITIONS ESTABLISHED AFTER A LONG USAGE TO GUIDE THE PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION OF ACCOUNTING STATEMENTS. ACCOUNTING CONVENTIONS ARE MORE FLEXIBLE AS COMPARED TO ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE IMPORTANT ACCOUNTING CONVENTIONS:-

1. CONVENTION OF CONSERVATISM
2. CONVENTION OF CONSISTENCY
3. CONVENTION OF MATERIALITY
4. CONVENTION OF FULL DISCLOSURE
5. CONVENTION OF OBJECTIVITY

INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR CA AND CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ECONOMICS

BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPT FOR UGC NET COMMERCE /MANAGEMENT

BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES FOR UGC NET MANAGEMENT /COMMERCE

• BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES FOR UGC NET MANAGEMENT /COMMERCE
• UNIT 2 FOR COMMERCE AND UNIT IV FOR MANAGEMENT
• MEANING OF ACCOUNTANCY
• ACCOUNTANCY IS A PROFESSION WHICH INCLUDES ACCOUNTING
• BODY OF KNOWLEDGE( CONSISTING OF PRINCIPLES,POSTULATES,CONVENTIONS,CONCEPTS AND RULE AND ASSUMPTIONS) GOVERNING THE SCIENCE OF RECORDING, CLASSIFYING AND ANALYZING FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS IS ACCOUNTING.

DIVIDEND POLICIES 1 MM THEORY OF IRRELEVANCE

• DIVIDEND POLICIES
  FOR NET MANAGEMENT/COMMERCE
  FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
• DIVIDEND POLICY 

1. DIVIDEND POLICY OF A FIRM DETERMINE WHAT PROPORTION OF EARNING IS PAID TO THE SHAREHOLDER BY WAY OF DIVIDEND AND WHAT PROPORTION IS PLOUGHED BACK IN THE FIRM FOR REINVESTMENT PURPOSE.
2. DIVIDEND POLICY HAS A BEARING ON THE CHOICE OF FINANCING. IF A FIRM’S CAPITAL BUDGETING DECISION IS INDEPENDENT ON ITS DIVIDEND POLICY,A HIGHER DIVIDEND PAYMENT WILL ENTAIL A GREATER DEPENDENCE ON EXTERNAL FINANCING AND IF THEY ARE DEPENDENT ON DIVIDEND POLICY THEN HIGHER DIVIDEND WILL CAUSE SHRINKAGE OF THE ITS CAPITAL BUDGET AND VICE VERSA.

DETERMINANTS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR CA,CS F...

CONTRACT OF SALE OF GOODS SALE OF GOODS ACT 1930

SECURITIES CONTRACT REGULATIONS ACT,1956 1

• SECURITIES LAWS AND CAPITAL MARKETS
  SECURITIES CONTRACT REGULATIONS ACT,1956

• INTRODUCTION

1. THE SECURITIES CONTRACT ( REGULATIONS ) ACT PROVIDE FOR DIRECT AND INDIRECT CONTROL OF ALL ASPECTS OF THE SECURITIES TRADES INCLUDING THE RUNNING OF STOCK EXCHANGE WHICH AIMS TO PREVENT UNDESIRABLE TRANSACTION IN  SECURITIES BY REGULATING THE BUSINESS OF DEALING THEREIN.
2. THE SECURITIES CONTRACT ( REGULATIONS ) ACT GIVES POWERS TO CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUT MOST OF THE POWERS HAVE BEEN DELEGATED TO SEBI

MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS NTA UGC NET FOR COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT

DETERMINANTS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PRICE ELASTICITY

• DETERMINANTS  AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PRICE ELASTICITY
  CA AND CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ECONOMICS
• DETERMINANTS  ( FACTORS)OF PRICE ELASTICITY
• NATURE OF THE COMMODITY:

1. NECESSARY:LESS ELASTIC
2. COMFORTS:MODERATELY ELASTIC
3. LUXURY:MORE ELASTIC

NATURE AND SCOPE OF MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS FOR UGC NET COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT

• NTA-UGC NET
  MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS 1
  NATURE AND SCOPE WITH IMPORTANT MCQ
  MEANING OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS/MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF PRICE ELASTICITY FOR CA AND CS FOUNDATION BUSI...

NTA UGC NET MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

• NTA UGC NET MANAGEMENT
  INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
• INTRODUCTION AND MEANING

• WITH THE GLOBALIZATION OF THE BUSINESS,NATIONAL LABOUR MARKETS ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY INTERDEPENDENT. MAINTAINING OR IMPROVING ON EMPLOYMENT AND QUALITY IS A PARTICULAR REQUIRES THAT ITS HR MARKETS MUST BE RESPONSIVE NOT ONLY TO CHANGES RELATE TO DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH WITH IN THE COUNTRY BUT ALSO TO CHANGING CONDITIONS WORLDWIDE.

INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE PART 1

• INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE PART 1
  INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
  
  
• SHASHI AGGARWAL ECONOMICS AND LAW CLASSES
• INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE

1. COLONIAL EXPLOITATION OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY UNDER THE BRITISH RULE
2. FEATURES OF INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE
3. AGRICULTURE SECTOR ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE
4. FOREIGN TRADE UNDER THE BRITISH RULE
5. DEMOGRAPHICS PROFILE DURING THE BRITISH RULE
6. OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE
7. INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE
8. INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE

INTRODUCTION TO MACRO ECONOMICS FOR PLUS TWO ECONOMICS

NTA UGC NET ECONOMICS THEORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 2

NTA UGC NET COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT MARKETING MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION TO MACRO ECONOMICS FOR PLUS TWO FIRST PART

• INTRODUCTION 1
  INTRODUCTORY MACRO ECONOMICS PLUS TWO
  SHASHI AGGARWAL ECONOMICS AND LAW CLASSES
• MEANING OF MACRO ECONOMICS

1. THE TERM MACRO HAS ORIGIN IN THE GREEK TERM MAKROS WHICH MEANS LARGE
2. LARGE MEANS THE WHOLE OF THE ECONOMY

MEANING AND SCOPE OF MARKETING FOR NTA-NET-UGC COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT

• NTA-NET-UGC COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT
  MARKETING MANAGEMENT
  LECTURE 1
  MEANING OF MARKET

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION FOR CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

RELATIONSHIP OF AUDITING WITH ACCOUNTING

NTA UGC NET ECONOMICS LECTURE 1 PAPER 2

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION FOR CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

 FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION FOR CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

   `           MEANING OF BUSINESS UNDERTAKING

1.       A CONCERN, COMPANY OR ENTERPRISE WHICH BUY AND SELLS, ITS OWNED BY ONE PERSON OR GROUP OF PERSONS AND IS MANAGED UNDER A SPECIFIC SET OF OPERATING POLICIES.

2.       BUSINESS ACTIVITIES OF INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES,BUSINESS ORGANIZATION ARE UNITS THAT UNDERTAKE THESE ACTIVITIES

RELATIONSHIP OF AUDITING WITH OTHER DISCIPLINE

·         RELATIONSHIP OF AUDITING WITH OTHER DISCIPLINE
CONTEMPORARY AUDITING
AUDITING AND ASSURANCE

·         AUDITING AND ACCOUNTING

I.        ARE CLOSELY RELATED WITH EACH OTHER AS  AUDITING REVIEWS THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

II.        AUDITING BEGINS WHEN ACCOUNTING ENDS

III.        THE AUDITOR MUST HAVE THROUGH KNOWLEDGE OF GENERALLY ACCEPTED PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING BEFORE REVIEWING THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ETHICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

POSITIONING STRATEGY MARKETING

SA 200”OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR AND CONDUCT OF AUDIT

• SA 200”OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR AND CONDUCT OF AUDIT
  CONTEMPORARY AUDITING
  AUDITING AND ASSURANCE
• SA 200” OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR
• OVERALL OBJECTIVES OF THE AUDITORS

1. TO OBTAIN REASONABLE ASSURANCE ABOUT WHETHER THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS A WHOLE ARE FREE FROM MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT,WHETHER DUE TO FRAUD OR ERRORS THEREBY ENABLING AUDITOR TO EXPRESS AN OPINION THAT THESE ARE PREPARED WITH AN APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
2. TO REPORT AND COMMUNICATE AS REQUIRED BY THE SAS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AUDITOR’S FINDING
3. IN ALL CASES WHEN REASONABLE ASSURANCE CAN NOT BE OBTAINED AND A QUALIFIED OPINION IN THE AUDITOR’S REPORT IS INSUFFICIENT,THE SA REQUIRE THAT DISCLAIM AN OPINION OR WITHDRAW FROM THE ENGAGEMENT

CHANGE IN DEMAND FOR CA AND CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ECONOMICS

NATURE,OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF AUDITING

CONTRACT OF SALE OF GOODS SALE OF GOODS ACT 1930

• SALE OF GOOD ACT 1930
  CONTRACT OF SALE OF GOODS
  SHASHI AGGARWAL ECONOMIC AND LAW CLASSES
• INTRODUCTION

1. THE SALE OF GOODS ACT.1930 IS MAINLY BASED ON THE ENGLISH SALE OF GOODS ACT 1893
2. EARLIER THE ACT WAS COVERED UNDER CHAPTER VII OF INDIAN CONTRACT ACT 1872
3. NEW ACT SALE OF GOODS HAD COME INTO FORCE IN FIRST JULY 1930
4. WHICH EXTENDS TO THE WHOLE OF INDIA EXCEPT THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
5. THE SALE OF GOODS ACT.1930 DEALS WITH THE LAW RELATING TO SALE OF GOODS IN INDIA
6. GOODS MEANS EVERY KIND OF MOVABLE PROPERTY OTHER THAN MONEY AND ACTIONABLE CLAIMS

DIFFERENCE IN EXTENSION OF DEMAND AND INCREASE IN DEMAND

• DIFFERENCE IN EXTENSION OF DEMAND AND INCREASE IN DEMAND
  MICRO ECONOMICS
• SHASHI AGGARWAL ECONOMICS AND LAW CLASSES
• MEANING

1. EXTENSION OF DEMAND MEANS RISE IN DEMAND IN RESPONSE TO FALL IN PRICE OTHER THING BEING EQUAL.
2. EXPRESSED BY THE MOVEMENT FROM HIGHEST POINT TO LOWER POINT ALONG THE SAME DEMAND CURVE

CHANGE IN DEMAND

´  CHANGE IN DEMAND
CA AND CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ECONOMICS
CHANGE IN DEMAND

1.     A CHANGE IN THE QUANTITY OF DEMANDED SHOWS THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN THE PRICE OF THE COMMODITY ON ITS DEMAND WHILE OTHER DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND LIKE INCOME,TASTE AND PRICE OF RELATED GOODS REMAIN CONSTANT.

2.     THE QUANTITY DEMANDED AT A GIVEN PRICE IS SHOWN BY A POINT ON DEMAND CURVE

3.     CHANGE IN DEMAND IS REFLECTED IN A SHIFT IN THE DEMAND CURVE TO THE EFT OR THE RIGHT

4.     CHANGE IN DEMAND IS NOT CAUSED BY THE THE CHANGE IN THE PRICE OF THE GOOD

ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR CA AND CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ECONOMICS

CORPORATE LEVEL STRATEGIES STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT TYPES OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

ELASTICITY OF DEMAND 1 MICRO/BUSINESS ECONOMICS

CS FOUNDATION BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT TYPES OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

• CS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND LAW 2
  
  
• MEANING OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

1. SUM TOTAL OF THOSE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE BUSINESS AND OVER WHICH THE BUSINESS HAS NO CONTROL.
2. OPPORTUNITIES MEANS POSITIVE CHANGES THAT OCCURRED IN THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND HELPED THE ORGANIZATION TO IMPROVE ITS PERFORMANCE.
3. THREATS:-NEGATIVE CHANGES THAT OCCURRED IN THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND HINDERED THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ORGANIZATION.