MEANING OF RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS

´  MEANING OF RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

´  MEANING OF RESEARCH

1. DICTIONARY DEFINITION OF RESEARCH IS A CAREFUL INVESTIGATION OR INQUIRY SPECIALLY THROUGH SEARCH FOR NEW FACTS IN ANY BRANCH OF KNOWLEDGE.
2. IN SIMPLE WORDS WE CAN SAY RESEARCH REFERS TO SEARCH FOR KNOWLEDGE.
3. RESEARCH IS ART OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.
4. CLIFFORD WOODY,” RESEARCH COMPRISES DEFINING ,REDEFINING PROBLEMS,FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS OR SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS,COLLECTING,ORGANIZING AND EVALUATING DATA,MAKING DECISIONS AND REACHING CONCLUSIONS AND AT LAST CAREFULLY TESTING THE CONCLUSIONS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THEY FIT THE FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS.

5.     RESEARCH REFERS TO THE SYSTEMATIC METHOD CONSISTING OF ENUNCIATING THE PROBLEM,FORMULATING A HYPOTHESIS,COLLECTING THE FACTS OR DATA,ANALYZING THE FACTS AND REACHING CERTAIN CONCLUSIONS EITHER IN THE FORM OF SOLUTIONS TOWARD THE CONCERN PROBLEM OR CERTAIN GENERALIZATION FOR SOME THEORETICAL FORMULATIONS

´  OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

1. DISCOVER ANSWER TO QUESTIONS THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURES
2. THE MAIN AIM OF THE RESEARCH IS TO FIND OUT THE TRUTH WHICH IS HIDDEN
3. EACH RESEARCH HAS ITS OWN SPECIFIC PURPOSE
4. GENERAL OBJECTIVES:_
1. TO GAIN FAMILIARITY WITH A PHENOMENON OR TO ACHIEVE A NEW INSIGHT
2. TO DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULAR INDIVIDUAL,SITUATION OR A GROUP
3. TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH SOMETHING OCCURS OR ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SOMETHING
4. TO TEST A HYPOTHESIS OF A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES
5. SIGNIFICANCE

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

1. RESEARCH INCULCATES SCIENTIFIC AND INDUCTIVE THINKING AND IT PROMOTES THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOGICAL HABITS OF THINKING AND ORGANIZATION
2. THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN SEVERAL FIELD OF APPLIED ECONOMICS WHETHER RELATED TO THE BUSINESS OR TO THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE HAS GREATLY INFLUENCED IN MODERN TIMES
3. RESEARCH PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR NEARLY ALL GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN OUR ECONOMIC SYSTEM. :

4. RESEARCH IS CONSIDERED NECESSARY WITH REGARD TO ALLOCATION OF NATION’S RESOURCES.
5. RESEARCH IS ALSO NECESSARY FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE NATION.
6. IT INVESTIGATES ECONOMIC STRUCTURE
7. DIAGNOSIS OF EVENTS
8. PREDICTION OF THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
9. RESEARCH IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT FOR SOCIAL SCIENTISTS IN STUDYING SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP AND IN SEEKING ANSWERS TO VARIOUS SOCIAL PROBLEMS

10. RESEARCH HAS ITS SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE IN SOLVING VARIOUS OPERATIONAL AND PLANNING PROBLEMS OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY.:
11. OPERATIONAL RESEARCH:-REFERS TO THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL,LOGICAL AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES TO SOLVING BUSINESS PROBLEMS
12. MARKET RESEARCH IS CONCERNED WITH MAKING POLICIES IN SOLVING PROBLEMS RELATING TO MARKETING OF PRODUCTS
13. MOTIVATIONAL RESEARCH IS CONCERNED WITH KNOWING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
14. SIGNIFICANCE
15. TO THE STUDENTS WHO ARE DOING RESEARCH TO GET PHD DEGREE FOR ENTERING THE TEACHING FIELD OR PROMOTION
16. FOR PROFESSIONAL IT MAY BE SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD
17. OUTLET OF NEW IDEAS AND INSIGHT  FOR PHILOSOPHERS AND THINKERS
18. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW THEORIES FOR ANALYSTS AND INTELLECTUALS

´   RESEARCH PROCESS

´  FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

´  RESEARCH PROBLEMS ARE OF TWO TYPES:-

a)    RELATE TO THE STATE OF NATURE

b)    RELATE TO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES

´  THE FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM REQUIRES:-

1.     UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM THOROUGHLY

2.     REPHRASING THE SAME INTO MEANINGFUL TERMS FROM AN ANALYTICAL POINT OF VIEW

´  THE RESEARCHER MUST EXAMINE THE ALL AVAILABLE LITERATURE TO BECOME AWARE OF THE PROBLEMS AND HE MAY STUDY TWO KINDS OF LITERATURE : CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE

´  EXTENSIVE LITERATURE

·         ONCE THE PROBLEM IS FORMULATED,HE SHOULD WRITE DOWN THE BRIEF SUMMARY OF IT. HE SHOULD REVIEW PAST STUDIES,MAGAZINES AND JOURNALS.

·         DEVELOPMENT OF WORKING HYPOTHESIS

·         AFTER EXTENSIVE LITERATURE :

1.     WRITING IN CLEAR TERMS THE WORKING HYPOTHESIS

2.     WORKING HYPOTHESES IS TENTATIVE ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN ORDER TO DRAW OUT AND TEST ITS LOGICAL OR EMPIRICAL CONSEQUENCES

3.     IT SHOULD BE VERY SPECIFIC AND LIMITED TO THE PIECE OF RESEARCH IN HAND

4.     THE ROLE OF HYPOTHESIS IS TO GUIDE THE GUIDE THE RESEARCHER AND DELIMITING THE AREA OF RESEARCH AND KEEP HIM ON THE RIGHT TRACK

5.     IT ALSO INDICATES THE TYPE OF DATA REQUIRED AND TYPE OF METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS TO BE USED

´  RESEARCH DESIGN

´  DEVELOPING THE RESEARCH DESIGN:-THE DESIGN IS THE SPECIFICATION OF METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR ACQUIRING THE INFORMATION. IT PROVIDES THE NECESSARY FRAMEWORK –A BLUE PRINT FOR UNDERTAKING THE RESEARCH PROJECT AND COLLECTING THE DATA.

´  WILL BE REQUIRED TO PREPARE RESEARCH DESIGN WHICH MEANS HE HAS TO BUILD CONCEPTUAL MODEL OR STRUCTURE WITH IN WHICH RESEARCH IS TO BE CONDUCTED, IT DEPENDS UPON THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES.

´  PREPARING THE RESEARCH DESIGN

´  RESEARCH OBJECTIVES MAY BE GROUPED INTO:-

1.     EXPLORATION

2.     DESCRIPTION

3.     DIAGNOSIS

4.     EXPERIMENTATION

RESEARCH DESIGN INVOLVE THE FOLLOWING CONSIDERATIONS:-

1.     MEANS OF OBTAINING THE INFORMATION AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA COLLECTED

2.     SKILL REQUIRED

3.     TIME AND COST FACTOR

´  DETERMINING THE SAMPLE DESIGN

1.     ALL THE ITEMS UNDER CONSIDERATION IN ANY FIELD OF INQUIRY CONSTITUTE A UNIVERSE OR POPULATION. A COMPLETE ENUMERATION OF ALL THE ITEMS IN THE POPULATION IS KNOWN AS CENSUS INQUIRY

2.     SAMPLING IS DEFINED AS THE SELECTION OF SOME PART OF AN AGGREGATE OR TOTALITY ON THE BASIS OF WHICH CONCLUSION IS DRAWN ABOUT THE UNIVERSE

´  DATA COLLECTION

1.     SELECTION OF DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES:-DECIDE ABOUT THE SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES TO COLLECT THE DATA. DATA CAN BE COLLECTED THROUGH PRIMARY OR SECONDARY . PRIMARY DATA CAN BE COLLECTED EITHER THROUGH EXPERIMENTS OR THROUGH SURVEY.

2.     THE SECONDARY DATA ON THE OTHER HAND ARE THOSE WHICH HAVE ALREADY BEEN COLLECTED BY SOME ONE. AND WHICH HAVE ALREADY PASSED THROUGH THE STATISTICAL PROCESS, THE RESEARCHER WOULD HAVE TO DECIDE WHICH SORT OF DATA HE WOULD BE USING FOR THE RESEARCH.

´  EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT

1.     THE RESEARCHER SHOULD SEE THAT THE PROJECT IS EXECUTED IN SYSTEMATIC MANNER. EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT IS VERY IMPORTANT IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS. IF THE DATA IS TO BE COLLECTED THROUGH PRIMARY SOURCE THEN SUITABLE METHODS SHOULD BE USED. STEPS SHOULD BE TAKEN TO ENSURE THE T SURVEY IS UNDER CONTROL AND COLLECTED INFORMATION IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PREDEFINED OBJECTIVES

´  ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

1.     SHOULD CLASSIFY THE RAW DATA INTO SOME PURPOSE-ABLE AND USABLE CATEGORIES. CODING OPERATION IS DONE FOR MAKING CATEGORIES.

2.     EDITING IMPROVES THE QUALITY. TABULATION OF DAT A AND STATISTICAL TOOLS ARE EMPLOYED FOR THE PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

3.     HYPOTHESIS IS TESTED AND CONCLUSION IS DRAWN

4.     PREPARATION OF THE REPORT OF THE RESEARCH