INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
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TOPIC HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION PART 2
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DR. SHASHI AGGARWAL
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EDUCATION
1. EDUCATION IS
THE PROCESS OF FACILITATING LEARNING, OR THE ACQUUISTION O KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS,
VALUES AND BELIEFS AND HABITS.
2. EDUCATIONAL
METHODS INCLUDE STORY TELLING,DISCUSSION,TEACHING,TRAINING AND DIRECTED
RESEARCH
3. TAKES PLACE
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF EDUCATOR. LEARNERS MAY EDUCATE THEMSELVES
4. EDUCATION CAN
TAKE PLACE FORMAL AND INFORMAL
5. THE
METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING IS CALLED PEDAGOGY
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EDUCATION AS IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF HUMAN
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
1. EDUCATION
IMPLIES THE PROCESS OF TEACHING, TRAINING AND LEARNING ESPECIALLY IN SCHOOLS OR
COLLEGES.
2. IT IMPROVES
KNOWLEDGE AND DEVELOPS SKILLS
3. EDUCATION IS
VERY MUCH NEEDED TO BRING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE
4. LITERACY RATE
IN INDIA IS VERY LOW AS COMPARED TO OTHER NATIONS
5. LITERACY IN
INDIA IS A KEY FOR SOCIO ECONOMIC PROGRESS.
6. GROWN TO
74.04 % AS COMPARED TO 90 AND 95 PERCENT LITERACY IN DEVELOPED COUNTIRES OF THE
WORLD.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EDUCATION AND LITERACY
1. EDUCATION IS MUCH WIDER CONCEPT THAN LITERACY
2. LITERACY IS
ABOUT ACQUIRING THE SKILLS AND LEARNING AND EDUCATION IS ABOUT THE APPLYING
THESE SKILLS AND LEARNING FOR THE BENEFITS OF OTHER PEOPLE.
3. LITERACY
REVOLE AROUND ACQUIRING THE ABILITY TO READ AND WRITE WHERE AS EDUCATION IS
ABOUT OVER ALL DEVELOPMENT OF A PERSON MAKING IT COMPLETE HUMAN WHO NOT ONLY
READ OR WRITE BUT THE ABILITY TO THEINK
4. EDUCATION ON
THE OTHER HAND COVER THREE PARAMETERS :PRIMARY EDUCATION,SECONDARY EDUCATION AN
TERTIARY EDUCATION
5. WHILE ALL
EDUCATED PEOPLE ARE LITERATE BUT ALL LITERATE PEOPLE ARE NOT EDUCATED
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IMPORTANCE/OBJECTIVE OF EDUCATION
1. PRODCUES
RESPONSIBLE CITIZENS
2. DEVELOPS
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
3. FACILATATE
USE OF NATURAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES OF ALL REGIONS OF THE COUNTRY
4. IT EXPANDS
MENTAL HORIZON OF THE PEOPLE
5. HELPS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
6. CULTURAL
STANDARD OF CITIZEN
7. DEVELOPS
HUMAN PERSONALITY
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NEED FOR GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN EDUCATION
AND HEALTH
1. REQUIRE HUGE
INVESTMENT
2. DIFFICULT TO
EXPECT PRIVATE INVESTOR TO INVEST IN HEALTH AND EDUCATION
3. POOR PEOPLE
CAN NOT AFFORD HIGH PRICE FOR EDUCATION AND HEALTH
4. REGULATION OF
EDUCATION SECTOR BY GOVERNMENT
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IMPORTANT ORGANIZATION:
1. NCERT (
NATIONAL EDUCATION RESEARCH AND TRAINING): DESIGNING TEXT MATERIALS UP TO
SENIOR SECONDARY LEVEL
2. UGC
(UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION): PRIMARLIY THE FUNDING AUTHORITY FOR UNIVERSITY
EDUCATION. ALOS ENFORCES THE RULES AND REGULATIONS REGARDING HIGHER EDUCATION
IN THE COUNTRY.
3. AICTE( ALL
INDIA COUNCIL OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION): ENFORCEMENT RULES ,REGULATIONS REGARDING
TECHNICAL/ENGINEERINT EDUCATION
4. ICMR ( INDIAN
COUNCIL FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH): ENFORCES RULES AND REGULATION RELATING TO
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH IN THE HEALTH SECTOR)
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GROWTH OF EDUCATION SECTORS IN INDIA
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ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
1. PRIMARY AND
MIDDLE SCHOOL EDUCATION TOGETHER IS CALLED ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
2. COVERS
STUDENT FROM CLASS1 TO CLASS 8
3. 1950-51:-NUMBER
OF PRIMARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL WAS 2,23 LACS ROSE TO 12.70 LACS
4. LOW %
ADMISSION OF CHILDREN IN PRIMARY CLASSES POINTS TO EDUCATIONAL BACKWARDS IN THE
COUNTRY.
5. THE PRINCIPAL
CAUSE IS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POVERTY
6. GROSS
ENROLLMENT RATIO FOR ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
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= (NUMBER OF STUDENTS ENROLLED FOR ELEMENTARY
EDUCATION)/( TOTAL N OF THE INDIVIDUALS IN THE AGE GROUPS 6-14 YEARS) X100
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SECONDARY AND SENIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION
1. IN 1950-51
THERE WERE 7.4 THOUSAND SECONDARY AND SNIOR SECONDARY LEVEL SCHOOL WITH 15 LACS
STUDENTS
2. IN
2015-2016,THE NUMBER OF SECONDARY AND SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL ROSE TO 2.52 LACS
AND NUMBER OF STUDENTS WENT UP TO 3.2 CRORE
3. NAVODAYA
VIDAYALAYA WERE ESTABLISHED TO IMPART MODERN EDUCATION OF GOOD STANDARD TO
TALENTED STUDENTS OF RURAL AREAS AND THESE ALSO PROVIDE BAORDING FACILITIES TO
THE STUDENTS.
4. CURRENTLY
THERE ARE 565 NAVODAYA SCHOOL
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SECONDARY AND SENIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION
1. CENTRAL
SCHOOLS KNOWN AS KENDRYA VIDAYALAY SET BY THE GOVERNMENT FOR THE BENEFITS OF
CHILDREN OF TRANSFERABLE EMPLOYEES
2. IN 2007 THE
NUMBER OF SCHOOLS IS 931, NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN THESE SCHOOLS IS ABOUT 12.6
LACS.
3. THREE
KENDRIYA VIDYALA,ONE AT KATHMANDU,ONE AT MOSCOW AND ANOTHER AT TEHRAN
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HIGHER EDUCATION
1. INCLUDED
GENERAL EDUCATION AS WELL AS MANAGERIAL.MEDICAL AND OTHER FORMS OF PROFESSIONAL
EDUCATION
2. SUBSTANTIALLY
EXPANDED OVER TIME
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AREAS OF CONCERN:
1. 80 % FOR THE
GENERAL EDUCATION AND 20% FOR THE PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
2. SUPPLY IS
MORE THAN DEMAND,UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM AND ALSO RESERVATION POLICY
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799 UNIVERSITIES ARE PROVIDING HIGHER EDUCATION
IN THE COUNTRY
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44 CENTRAL UNIVERSITIES
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TOTAL NUMBER OF COLLEGES FOR GENERAL EDUCATION
IS 39,071
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TOTAL NUMBER OF UNIVERISTIES IS 346 LACS IN
2015-2016
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VOCALISATION OF THE SECONDARY EDUCATION
1. IN FEB, 1988,
THE CENTRAL GOVT LAUNCHED A PLAN TO VOCATIONALIZE SECONDARY EDUCATION.
2. FINANCIAL
ASSITANCE PROVIDED TO SCHOOLS WHO START VOCATIONAL COURSES AT HIGHER
SECONDARY(+2)
3. 2012-13
PERMISSION WAS GRANTED TO NEARLY 11,000 SCHOOLS IN THE COUNTRY TO START
VOCATIONAL COURSES
4. ABOUT 10 LACS
STUDENTS ARE GETTING EDUCATION
5. VOCATIONAL
COURSES HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED IN THE AREA :
1. AGRICULTURE
2. TRADE AND
COMMERCE
3. ENGINEERINT
,TECHNOLOGY,HEALTH AND MEDICINES
4. TECHNICAL,MEDICAL
AND AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
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1951=43 DIPLOMA LEVEL POLYTECHNICAL
INSTITUTIONS
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NUMBER SIGNIFICANTLY ROSE TO 1914
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RECOGNISED ENGINEERING COLLEGES 3400
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ADMISSION CAPACITY=15,00,000 STUDENTS PER YEAR
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289 MEDICAL COLLEGES WITH ADMISSION
CAPACITY=22,680
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RESEARCH CENTRES:
1. INDIAN
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2. AGRICULTURE
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
3. INDIAN
STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
4. NATIONAL
PHYSICAL LABORATORY
5. NATIONAL
CHEMICAL LABORATORY
6. INSTITUTE OF
ECONOMIC GROWTH
• TECHNICAL,MEDICAL
AND AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
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MANY AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES
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COMMUNITY POLYTECHNICS HAVE BEEN SET UP
FOR SPREADING TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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617 COMMUNITY POLYTECHNICS
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PRESENTLY THE ADMISSION CAPACITY OF DEGREES AND
DIPLOMA LEVEL INSITUTES IS 6.53 LACS AND 3.54 LACS RESPECTIVELY
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RURAL EDUCATION
1. NATIONAL
RURAL HIGHER EDUCATION COUNCILS HAS BEEN SET UP FOR THIS PURPOSE
2. UNDER THIS
COUNCIL 14 RURAL EDUCATIONAL INSITUTION HAVE BEEN FUNCTIONING
3. CHILDREN OF
SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES GET FREE EDUCATION IN ALL THE STATES
4. LITERACY RATE
IN THE RURAL AREAS IS 68.9% IS LESS THAN URBAN WHICH IS 85%
5. RURAL FEMALE
LITERACY RATE IS JUST 58,8% WHICH IS LOW AS COMPARED TO LITERACY RATE OF 79.7%
PERCENT
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ADULT AND FEMALE EDUCATION
1. NATIONAL
LITERACY MISSION WAS SET UP IN 1988
2. SINCE
1976,FORMAL EDUCATION PROGRAMME HAS BEEN LAUNCHED
3. THE OBJECTIVE
IS TO PROVIDE MEANING FUL EDUCATION TO THE YOUTH OF THE AGE GROUP OF 15-25
YEARS
4. WOMEN
POLYTECHNICS HAVE ALSO BEEN SET UP
5. WOMEN
EDUCATION COUNCIL IS A SIGNIFICANT STEP
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TOTAL LITERACY CAMPAIGN
1. TH OBJECTIVE
OF THE NATIONAL LITERACY MISSION WAS LANNCHED TO RENDER EVERYBODY LITERAE IN
THE COUNTRY
2. HAS NOW BEEN
RECAST AS SAAKSHAR BHARAT” WITH MAIN FOCUS ON FEMALE EDUCATION
3. COVERS ALL
THOSE IN THE AGE GROUP OF 15 AND ABOVE
4. 11 CRORE
ILLITERATES IN THE COUNTRY BETWEEN THE AGE OF 15-25 YEARS
5. FEMALE
LITERACY RATE IS 65.46% AND MALE LITERACY IS 82.14%
6. OVER ALL
LITERACY RATE SHOT UP FROM 18.33 TO 74.04%
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CHALLENGES
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96.5 PERCENT CHILDREN ARE NOW THE SCHOOL GOER
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DESPITE THE CONSITTUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR FREE
AND COMPULSORY EDUCATION FOR THE CHILDREN BETWEEN THE AGE OF GROUP OF 6-14
YEARS.QUALITY OF EDUCATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE CONTINUES TO BE DISAPPOINING
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A SURVEY BY THE CHILD RIGHT AND YOU(CRY) FINDS
THAT CHILDREN CONTINUE TO BE REFUSED ADMISSION TO SCHOOLS DUE TO:
i.
LACK OF TRANSFER DOCUMENTATION
ii.
BIRTH REGISTRATION
iii.
PROOF OF RESIDENXE
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CHALLENGES
1. LARGE NUMBER
OF ILLITERATES:- 36 CRORES PEOPLE ARE ESTIMATED TO BE ILLITERATES
2. INDEQUATE
VOCALISATION
3. GENDER BIAS
4. LOW RURAL
ACCESS LEVEL
5. PRIVATISATION
6. LOW GOVT
EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION: ACTUAL EXPENITURE IS 4 TO 5% OF GDP.COMMITMENT : 6%
7. VICIOUS
CIRCLE OF POVERTY
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