SOLUTIONS TO SHORT QUESTIONS OF PAPER PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

   SHORT QUESTIONS FOR MGMT AND ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
PRINCIPLES OF MGMT

    

§EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING:-

1. DISCUSS MGMT IS AN ART AS WELL AS SCIENCE
2. WHAT IS SYSTEM APPROACH
3. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS?
4. WHAT IS PLANNING PREMISES?
5. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY DEPARTMENTALIZATION?
6. WHAT IS NEED HIERARCHY?
7. EXPLAIN THEORY Z
8. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY MANAGERIAL GRID
9. EXPLAIN SEMANTIC BARRIER
10. CONCEPT OF MGMT BY EXCEPTION
11. WHAT IS GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION
12. CONTRIBUTION OF HENRY FAYOL
13. MAS LOW'S NEED HIERARCHY
14. MCGREGOR’S THEORY Y
15. GROUP DYNAMICS AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE
16. OB MODEL OF ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
17. GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION
18. GROUP BEHAVIOR MODEL
19. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING GROUP DECISIONS
20. CONTINGENCY APPROACH OF MGMT
21. MATRIX ORGANIZATION
22. BUSINESS ETHICS
23. OBJECTIVES VS POLICY
24. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS IN COMMUNICATION
25. MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY
26. MANAGEMENT AND OB
27. OD INTERVENTIONS
28. COGNITIVE LEARNING
29. STEREOTYPING
30. EU STRESS VS DISTRESS
31. TEAM DEVELOPMENT

   ANSWER

MGMT IA AN ART AS WELL AS SCIENCE

   MGMT IS THE ART OF GETTING THINGS DONE WITH THE AIM OF ACHIEVING ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY. MGMT IS BOTH SCIENCE AS WELL SCIENCE MAY BE DEFINED AS SYSTEMATIZED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED THROUGH OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION WHICH IS CAPABLE OF VERIFICATION AND IT CAN ESTABLISH CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATION. AND ART IS REGARDED AS THE APPLICATION OF SKILL AND KNOWLEDGE IN ACHIEVING THE ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS.

   MGMT IS BOTH SCIENCE AS WELL AS AN ART. AS SCIENCE,IT HAS SYSTEMATIZED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE AND PRINCIPLES BASED ON EXPERIMENTATION. AS AN ART IT REQUIRES PERSONAL SKILL,CREATIVITY AND PRACTICE TO APPLY SUCH KNOWLEDGE IN THE BEST POSSIBLE WAY. SCIENCE AND ART COEXIST IN EVERY FUNCTION OF MGMT.

   MAJOR CONTRIBUTION OF HENRY FAYOL

I.            HE WAS THE FIRST MGMT THINKER TO GIVE THE FUNCTION OF MGMT IN TERMS OF PLANNING,ORGANIZING,DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING BY GIVING PLAN,ORGANIZE,COMMAND,COORDINATE AND CONTROL AS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF MANAGER

II.            HE CLASSIFIED THE ACTIVITIES OF AN INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKING INTO TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES,COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES,FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES,SECURITY ACTIVITIES,ACCOUNTING ACTIVITIES,MANAGERIAL ACTIVITIES ETC

III.            HE SUGGESTED THE QUALITIES OF GOOD MANAGER:PHYSICAL QUALITIES,MORAL QUALITIES,EDUCATION,KNOWLEDGE,EXPERIENCE ETC

IV.            HE DEVELOPED FOURTEEN PRINCIPLES OF MGMT WHICH ACT AS GUIDE FOR MANAGERS FOR PERFORMING THEIR MANAGERIAL ACTIVITIES.

   PREMISES OF PLANNING

   THE PROCESS OF PLANNING IS BASED UPON ESTIMATES OF FUTURE. THOUGH PAST GUIDE THE PRESENT. PLANS ARE MADE TO ACHIEVE THE GOALS IN FUTURE. SINCE FUTURE EVENTS ARE NOT KNOWN ACCURATELY, ASSUMPTIONS ARE MADE ABOUT THESE EVENTS.THE FORECAST OR THE ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT FUTURE WHICH PROVIDE A BASE FOR PLANNING IN PRESENT ARE KNOWN AS PLANNING PREMISES, THEY ARE THE ANTICIPATED ENVIRONEMT IN WHICH PLANS ARE EXPECTED TO OPERATE.THEY INCLUDE THE ASSUMPTION OR FORECAST OF THE FUTURE AND KNOWN CONDITIONS THAT WILL AFFECT THE OPERATION OF PLANS.

   PLANNING PREMISES MEANS SYSTEMATIC AND LOGICAL ESTIMATES FOR THE FUTURE FACTORS AFFECTING PLANNING.PLANNING PREMISES WILL HELP THE ORGANIZATION IN BUILDING EFFECTIVE PLANS AND REDUCE THE UNCERTAINTY.

ØDIFFERENCE BETWEEN POLICY AND OBJECTIVE

ØOBJECTIVES ARE THE GOALS THAT HAVE TO ACHIEVED BY THE ORGANIZATION. CLEAR CUT OBJECTIVES HELPS IN PROPER DECISIONS.

ØPOLICY ARE THE GENERAL STATEMENTS WHICH ARE FORMULATED BY AN ORGANIZATION FOR THE GUIDELINE FOR THE EMPLOYEES.

ØDIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SINGLE USE PLANS AND STANDING PLANS

ØSINGLE USE PLAN

I.            THEY ARE SPECIFIC IN NATURE AND USED ONLY FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE

II.            PROGRAMMES,PROJECTS,BUDGETS ARE THE EXAMPLE

III.            IT CEASES TO EXIST AFTER THE PURPOSE IS ACHIEVED

ØSTANDING PLANS

I.            THESE PLANS ARE REPETITIVE IN NATURE

II.            ARE USED AGAIN AND AGAIN AND SOLVE RECURRING PROBLEMS

III.            OBJECTIVES,POLICIES,RULES,METHOD AND STRATEGIES

IV.            MEANT TO ACHIEVE UNIFORMITY AND UNITY IN ACTION

ØDIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRATEGY AND POLICIES

ØSTRATEGY

I.            IT IS FORMULATED FOR SOLVING CHALLENGING AND UNFORSEEN PROBLEMS

II.            DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR DIFFERENT PROBLEMS

III.            ARE TEMPORARY

IV.            IT ALLOCATES HUMAN AND OTHE RESOURCES

ØPOLICY

I.            A POLICY IS FORMED TO CARRY OUT A ROUTINE ACTIVITY

II.            SAME POLICY IN REPETIVE SITUATION

III.            PERMANENT

IV.            IT USES RESOURCES FOR MAKING DECISION MAKING

ØGROUP DYNAMICS

ØDEALS WITH THE ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS OF A GROUP. GROUP DYNAMICS CONCERN HOW GROUPS ARE FORMED,WHAT IS THEIR STRUCTURE AND WHICH PROCESS ARE FOLLOWED IN THEIR FUNCTIONING.IT IS CONCERNED WITH THE INTERACTION AND FORCES OPERATING BETWEEN GROUPS.

ØGROUP DYNAMICS IS RELEVENT TO GROUPS OF ALL KIND-BOTH FORMAL AND INFORMAL

ØTHE SOCIAL PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE INTERACT FACE TO FACE IN SMALL GROUPS IS CALLED GROUP DYNAMICS. THE GROUP DEVEOLP ITS GOAL CLEARLY AND GIVES SUGESSTION TO ACHIEVE THESE GOALS, EVERY GROUP CHOOS ITS LEADER INFORMALLY WHO WILL BE CORDINATING THE GROUP

ØA GROUP CONSIST OF TWO OR MORE PERSONS WHO INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER CONSCIOUSLY FOR THE ACHIEVMENT OF CERTAIN COMMON OBJECTIVES. AND THEY ARE INERDEPENDENT UPON EACH OTHER

ØGROUP COHESIVENESS

ØIS DEGREE TO WHICH THE GROUP MEMBERS ARE ATTRACTED TO EACH OTHER AND MOTIVATED TO STAY IN THE GROUPS. COHESIVENESS DEFINES THE DEGREE OF CLOSENESS THAT MEMBERS THAT THE MEMBER FEELS WITH THE GROUPS. IT IS UNDERSTOOD AS THE EXTENT OF LIKING EACH MEMEBR HAS TOWARDS OTHERS IN THE GROUP AND HOW FAR EVERYONE WANTS TO REMAIN AS MEMBER OF THE GROUP.

ØREFERS TO EXTENT OF UNITY IN THE GROUP AND IS SHOWN IN MEMBERS CONFORMITY TO THE NORMS OF THE GROUP,FEELING OF ATTRACTION FOR EACH OTHER AND WANTING TO BE CO MEMBERS OF THE GROUP.

ØMCGREGOR’S THEORY OF Y

ØFOLLOWING ASSUMPTION UNDER THEORY Y

1.       THE AVERAGE HUMAN BEING DOES NOT INTERNALLY DISLIKE THE WORK

2.       THE AVERAGE HUMAN BEING WILL EXERCISE SELF DIRECTION AND SELF CONTOL IN THE SERVICE OF OBJECTIVES TO WHICH HE IS COMMITTED

3.       COMMITMENT TO THE OBJECTIVE IS A FUNCTION OF THE REWARD ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR ACHIEVMENT

4.       THE AVERAGE HUMAN BEING LEARNS UNDER PROPER CONDITIONS,NOT ONLY TO ACCEPT BUT ALSO TO SEEK RESPOSNIBILITY

5.       USES CREATIVITY,IMAGINATION AND INITIATIVE IN SOLVING ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS

ØGRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION

ØINFORMAL COMMUNICATION IS ALSO KNOWN AS GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION BECAUSE THER IS NO DEFINITE ROUTE OF COMMUNICATION FOR SHARING INFORMATION. IN THIS FORM OF COMMUNICATION INFORMATION COVERAGE A LONG WAY BY PASSING FROM ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER LEAVING NO INDICATION FROM WHICH POINT IS STRATED. IT IS DIFFICULT OT FIND OUT HE BEGINNING AND THE END OF THE GRAPEVINE.

TYPES OF GRAPEWINE COMMUNICATION:-

A.      SINGLE STRAND:ONE PERSON SAYS SOMETHING TO ANOTHER PERSON WHO IN TURN PASSES ON THE INFORMATION TO THIRD AND SO ON

B.       GOSSIP CHAIN:-A PERSON COMMUNICATES SOMETHING TO A NUMBER OF PEROSN

C.       PROBABILITY: PASSES THE INFORMATION TO SOME RANDOM PERSON

D.      CLUSTER:-A PERSON TELLS TO SOME SELECTED INDIVIDUALS. AND THEY PASS TO OTHER SELECTED INDIVIDUAL AND SO ON

  

ØDIFFERENCE BETWEEN OBJECTIVE AND POLICY

ØOBJECTIVE

A.      ARE THE GOALS TO BE ACHIEVED

B.       THEY ARE THE FOUNDATION OF THE A BUSINESS.PROVIDE DIRECTION TO THE BUSINESS

C.       DECIDE THE PURPOSE OF THE ORGANIZATION

D.      ARE SET AT TOP LEVEL OF MGMT

ØPOLICY

1.       PLOCIES ARE THE BROAD WAYS OF ACHIEVING BUSINESS OBJECTIVES

2.       PROVIDE THE TOLLS TO ACHIEVE THE GOALS

3.       ARE NOT OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE

4.       DETERMINED AT EVERY LEVEL OF MGMT